Facility Damage Evaluation Following Major Disasters
May 2008
Events such as extreme windstorms, earthquakes,
and floods severely stress the resources of most cities and counties in addressing
the needs of the general population following a major disaster. Municipal authorities
may not be prepared to assist the vast number of businesses, building owners,
and tenants following a major disaster in assessing the safety condition of
their buildings in order to issue re-occupancy permits, or to allow immediate
progress towards the restoration of the businesses to normal operations without
an engineering inspection.
by Nathan
C. Gould, D.Sc., P.E., S.E.
ABS Consulting
The majority of businesses and institutions will often be left to rely on
their own resources following a major disaster. One proactive approach for businesses
and institutions involves the creation of a facility damage evaluation plan
as part of a comprehensive emergency response plan. The facility evaluation
plan may result in the preparation of a Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual
(in paper and/or electronic format) which designates qualified personnel to inspect, document, and determine the
safety level of impacted facilities.
Pre-Disaster Activities
Pre-disaster activities related to the development of a Post-Disaster Facility
Inspection Manual are as important as the activities that will be undertaken
following any type of significant event. Similar to standard emergency preparedness
plans, it is important to have a comprehensive, well-defined facility evaluation
plan that is exercised and updated on a regular basis.
The following pre-disaster activities are typically considered to be essential
as part of the development of a Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual.
Identification of Facilities
Identify the buildings, equipment, and other facilities that are to be covered
in the Facility Inspection Manual. For large complexes and/or where available
resources are limited, it may be practical to only include critical facilities
in the post-disaster evaluation manual.
Develop Emergency Contact List
Assemble detailed contact lists with primary and secondary contact information
for all parties who will participate in a post-disaster facility evaluation.
Given that individuals on the contact list may not be accessible after an event,
it is important to have primary, secondary, and possibly tertiary contacts for
each major task.
Initial Data Collection
Collect and organize architectural and structural drawings for each building
included in the post-disaster inspection plan. To provide redundancy, these
documents should be stored in multiple locations in both hard copy and electronic
media formats.
Preliminary Facility Surveys
Perform preliminary surveys of each of the selected buildings and facilities
to be included in the Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual. This effort
should allow the designated qualified personnel to become familiar with the
facilities, understand the critical functional aspects of the buildings through
discussions with facility and business continuity managers, preliminarily identify
any obvious vulnerabilities, and request available selected design documents
of the building structures for use during the post-disaster surveys. This initial
survey data can be used in preparing the necessary documentation prior to the
disaster for use during the post-disaster inspections and evaluations.
Involve Local Contacts
Contact local jurisdiction building departments, code enforcement, emergency
management agencies (county and state), local utilities, etc., to notify them
that a Post-Disaster Facility Inspection plan is in place for the selected facilities.
Pre-disaster involvement of the local emergency contacts and building officials
will provide a more effective and efficient post-disaster response.
Develop Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual
Prepare a Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual (in paper and/or
electronic format) for the selected facilities.
The manual should contain the post-disaster facility evaluation procedures,
customized facility inspection sheets, inspection classification postings (green,
yellow, or red tags as shown in
Figure 1), local contact information (facility contacts, city, county, emergency
management, utilities, etc.), associated maps, facility diagrams/drawings/floor
plans, etc., assembled and organized in hard-copy binder format ready for use
upon rapid deployment of selected personnel to the selected facilities following
a major disaster.
Inspection sheets should be pre-filled out with as much basic information
as possible prior to inclusion in the binder to allow for more rapid and convenient
use in the field. The overall plan and inspection process may closely follow
the methodology developed as part of the Applied Technology Council ATC-20 "Post
Earthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings" program or other similar programs.
Post-Disaster Activities
Post-disaster procedures and activities, which may be undertaken in the highly
charged, often chaotic atmosphere of disaster response, will need be detailed
yet flexible to accommodate unforeseen issues. Activation procedures, guidance
for post-disaster building inspections and surveys, and procedures for the preparation
of inspection documentation are the minimum components that need to be included
in the Post-Disaster Facility Inspection Manual.
Post-Disaster Activation of Facility Inspection
Following the procedures specified in the Post-Disaster Inspection Manual
and/or a comprehensive emergency response plan, activate the facility inspection
plan through a primary and secondary means of notification.
Post-Disaster Facility Inspection and Surveys
Each selected facility should be visually walked down by qualified personnel
with the aid of the pre-prepared facility data contained in the Post-Disaster
Facility Inspection Manual. As soon as possible after the triggering event,
visual inspections should be made of the perimeter of the buildings and immediately
accessible areas. Recommendations may include a more in-depth engineering assessment
at a later date, emergency shoring or means for repair, posting certain areas
as unsafe, etc. Appropriate building tagging is applied to the building structure
to document the results of the inspection and to provide appropriate occupancy
restrictions.
Survey notes, sketches, and digital photographs should be used to document
any observed damage, and will form the basis for any further recommended actions.
Facility Inspection Reports Documentation and Local Jurisdiction Filing
A brief preliminary summary report should be prepared for each facility that
is surveyed. Adequate documentation is critical not only to satisfy requirements
of local jurisdictions, but will also be valuable in terms of monitoring any
progression of damage if there are subsequent follow-on events. These reports
may need to be filed with the local jurisdiction depending on the municipality
requirements.
Summary
Having a post-disaster facility evaluation plan is critical for businesses
and institutions that require continuity of operations following a major disaster.
An effective facility evaluation plan should include the preparation of a Post-Disaster
Facility Inspection Manual that will assist qualified personnel in the inspection,
documentation, and designation of the safety level of impacted facilities.
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